４課

"〜に対して" (にたいして) is often used to highlight contrast between two people, things, or situations, emphasizing differences between them. In this context, "〜に対して" introduces two distinct characteristics, behaviors, or preferences, pointing out how one is different from the other.

"反面" (はんめん) is used to express two contrasting qualities or characteristics within the same subject. It highlights a dual nature or opposing aspects of a single situation, person, or thing.

"一方で" (いっぽうで) is used to indicate contrast or to describe simultaneous aspects of a single subject. It highlights two opposing characteristics or concurrent aspects of the same topic, similar to "on the other hand" or "at the same time."

"というより" (というより) is used to correct, clarify, or refine a description, replacing the original statement with a more accurate or suitable expression.

The expression "〜かわりに" (代わりに) is used to indicate substitution or replacement. It means "instead of," "in place of," or "in exchange for."